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When Is a Fixture a Below-the-Hook Device? ASME BTH-1 and B30.20-2025

A lifting fixture becomes a below-the-hook device when it hangs from a hoist and carries the load, and that classification decides which design standard, marking, load test, and inspection apply to it. UTEC Industrial designs, engineers, machines, fabricates, and installs custom material handling systems for aerospace and heavy industry from its Spokane Valley, WA facility, integrating Allen-Bradley PLC and motion control with in-house CNC machining, heat treating, and stress relief. This article sets out where the boundary sits under ASME BTH-1-2023 and ASME B30.20-2025, how OSHA and the NASA, Navy, DOE, and Army Corps of Engineers lifting programs treat it, and how a device's classification carries through the build chain: design → engineering → parts machining → fabrication → assembly → weld fatigue → stress relief → drives → controls → tuning → monitoring.

What counts as a below-the-hook lifting device?​

The public definitions describe the device by what it does, not by its shape:

  • NASA. NASA-STD-8719.9C defines a below-the-hook (BTH) lifting device as a device used for attaching a load to a hoist or other lifting mechanism. The device may consist of or contain components such as slings, hooks, and rigging hardware that are addressed by ASME B30 volumes or other standards. The definition names spreader bars, beam clamps, barrel lifters, and vacuum lifts as types, and notes that some of these devices may be referred to as structural slings.
  • Navy. NAVFAC P-307's glossary defines it as a device suspended from a crane's hook used for special lifting applications, which can be a structural, mechanical, magnetic, or vacuum type lifter, and it refers to ASME B30.20 for additional descriptions.
  • ASME. The publisher's scope statement for ASME B30.20-2025 says the volume includes provisions that apply to the marking, construction, installation, inspection, testing, maintenance, and operation of below-the-hook lifting devices, other than components addressed by other ASME B30 volumes or other standards, used for attaching loads to a hoist. Its requirements also apply to clamps used for positioning and anchoring.

The ANSI Blog's summary of the 2025 edition lists six lifter types, each the focus of a chapter: structural and mechanical lifting devices, vacuum lifting devices, close proximity operated lifting magnets, remotely operated lifting magnets, scrap and material-handling grapples, and clamps. Read together, and as engineering reasoning, the definitions turn on two conditions: the device attaches the load to a hoist, and it is not itself one of the components (slings, hooks, rigging hardware) that another B30 volume covers. In engineering terms, the failure mode these definitions prevent is a fixture drawn and built as an ordinary weldment because it does not look like a spreader beam, even though it hangs from the hook and carries the load (NASA-STD-8719.9C, 2024, §3.2; NAVFAC P-307, 2025, Appendix A; ASME B30.20-2025; Kelechava 2025, ANSI Blog).

How do ASME BTH-1 and ASME B30.20 divide the work?​

The two ASME documents are written to be used together. The positioner comparison already shows what goes wrong when a fixture is designed for one load case and lifted in another. ASME's product page for BTH-1 sets out the split in its own words:

  • BTH-1 "provides minimum structural, mechanical, and electrical design criteria for ASME B30.20", and its provisions apply to the design or modification of below-the-hook lifting devices.
  • Lifting devices designed to BTH-1 "shall comply with ASME B30.20", whose provisions cover marking, construction, installation, inspection, testing, maintenance, and operation.
  • "BTH-1 addresses only design requirements." It should be used in conjunction with B30.20, which addresses safety requirements, and it does not replace B30.20.
  • Its design criteria are minimum requirements that may be increased at the discretion of the lifting device manufacturer or a qualified person, and compliance with requirements unique to specialized industries and environments is outside its scope.

Duerr, writing in 2007 about the then-new design standard, describes B30.20 as having contained only a very basic structural requirement that lifters be designed to a design factor of three with respect to yield strength. That requirement led to requests for clarification and to some confusion in industry where yielding is not a practical limit state, and ASME responded by developing BTH-1-2005. The design factor of three is a statement about the pre-2005 B30.20, not a current requirement of either standard. In engineering terms, a purchase order that cites only B30.20 leaves the design criteria unstated, and one that cites only BTH-1 leaves marking, testing, and inspection unstated (ASME BTH-1-2023; ASME B30.20-2025; Duerr 2007).

When is a lifting fixture a sling, a piece of rigging hardware, or a below-the-hook device?​

A lifting arrangement can be several regulated items hung in series, and each keeps its own rules. OSHA drew the sling line in a 1998 general-industry letter. Asked whether assembly-line engine carriers and bridles considered below-the-hook lifting devices are similar to the slings in 29 CFR 1910.184, OSHA answered no: B30.20 applies to structural and mechanical lifting devices, and 1910.184 applies to slings made from alloy steel chain, wire rope, metal mesh, natural or synthetic fiber rope (conventional three strand construction), and synthetic web (nylon, polyester, and polypropylene). The same letter says OSHA refers to B30.20 for inspection provisions for below-the-hook lifting devices.

NASA separates the third class. Its lifting standard defines rigging hardware as a detachable load supporting device such as a shackle, link, eyebolt, ring, swivel, or clevis. It requires below-the-hook lifting devices to comply with B30.20 and ASME BTH-1, and rigging hardware with B30.26, or an equivalent approved by the Center's Lifting Devices and Equipment Manager (LDEM), with operation, testing, inspection, and maintenance also based on manufacturer recommendations. Where a sling or below-the-hook device is an assembly of more than one sling or rigging hardware component, NASA requires every load-bearing component to be traceable to the assembly, for example by marking or coding, tethering, or configuration control.

By engineering reasoning, a spreader beam with its top slings and shackles is therefore three kinds of item at once. The beam is designed to BTH-1 and marked, tested, and inspected under B30.20; the slings follow the sling rule; and the shackles follow the rigging hardware standard. Replacing a shackle with a different one changes the assembly's documentation as well as its hardware (OSHA Standard Interpretation, October 1, 1998; OSHA 29 CFR 1910.184-2019; NASA-STD-8719.9C, 2024, §3.2, §13.1.3, and §13.7.4).

When do custom pallets, skids, lift lugs, and bolt-on padeyes count as below-the-hook devices?​

The public sources are specific on these parts, and they differ by program:

  • Navy custom structures. NAVFAC P-307 states that custom designed pallets, platforms, hoppers, containers, skids, skips, and similar weight-handling structures shall be treated as below-the-hook lifting devices, while commercially available ones are considered part of the load.
  • Navy lift lugs and padeyes. P-307 does not cover integral lifting attachments, such as welded lift lugs on equipment to be lifted, or threaded holes for attachments, but says they should be marked with their allowable load or capacity. New integral lifting attachments installed on existing equipment are treated as alterations. Bolt-on portable padeyes and lugs are treated as below-the-hook devices, and their attachment fasteners do not require load testing if the minimum size, length, grade, and number of fasteners are specified by the activity engineering organization or the padeye OEM.
  • NASA permanent interfaces. For lifting interfaces such as eyebolts, pad eyes, D-rings, and lifting lugs that are permanently attached to the load, meaning they will not be removed from the load before its use, NASA allows analysis to be substituted for a load test to verify the interface, subject to LDEM approval. The responsible organization provides documented rationale, and the LDEM must determine that there is no increase in risk.
  • Construction. OSHA's 2010 letter on custom-engineered lifting covers installed on the top flange of a pressure vessel held that the covers are lifting accessories, because they are attached to facilitate hoisting, and special custom designs, because they are designed and fabricated for particular vessels. They must be marked and proof tested under 29 CFR 1926.251(a)(4), and the sling scope sentence in (a)(5) does not exclude them.

The following synthesis is UTEC Industrial's engineering reasoning, not a rule stated by any one of these sources. Three questions sort a fixture: whether the part is custom-designed rather than commercially available, whether it carries the load from the hook during the lift, and whether it stays on the load or comes off before the load is used. The answers then have to be read against the program that governs the site, because the programs above treat attached lifting parts differently: the Navy leaves integral lift lugs outside its section but asks for them to be marked, NASA lets analysis stand in for a load test on permanently attached interfaces with LDEM approval, and OSHA's construction letter requires a custom lifting cover attached to the vessel's flange to be marked and proof tested (NAVFAC P-307, 2025, §14.1.1, §14.9, and §14.9.2; NASA-STD-8719.9C, 2024, §13.3.2.4; OSHA Standard Interpretation, March 1, 2010; 29 CFR 1926.251, paragraph a.4).

What about a fixture that is lifted only part of the time?​

A fixture that is a workstand on the floor and a lifting device on the hook can fall under two sets of rules. NASA-STD-5005D, the ground support equipment standard, shows the split in its own text:

  • §4.6.2.1 a requires structural GSE, such as access platforms and workstands, to be load tested to a minimum of 125 percent of the design or working load.
  • §4.6.2.1 b requires lifting devices and equipment to be load tested in accordance with NASA-STD-8719.9.
  • §5.1.2 a gives minimum factors of safety for support structures, used when not otherwise specified, and excludes lifting devices and equipment.
  • §5.2.7 sends the design and certification of lifting devices to NASA-STD-8719.9.

NASA-STD-5005D is applicable to NASA space flight programs, for GSE that supports space vehicles and payloads at NASA's launch, landing, or retrieval locations; its use is at the discretion of each program, and it applies to contractors only to the extent specified or referenced in their contracts, grants, or agreements. The 125 percent in §4.6.2.1 a is a structural GSE test, not a lifting-device rule; NASA sets lifting-device tests in NASA-STD-8719.9. How the MGSE acceptance package records each test is covered in What Is Mechanical Ground Support Equipment (MGSE) for Aerospace Handling?, and the case of a turnover fixture lifted with the part in it is in Rollover and Turnover Fixtures for Large, Heavy Assemblies.

By engineering reasoning, the classification follows the load case, not the drawing title. Each configuration in which the fixture hangs from a hook, empty or loaded, is a lifting case with its own rated load, and each configuration in which it stands on the floor is a support case. A specification that lists both sets of cases lets the designer apply the lifting standard and the support-structure rules to the members each one governs (NASA-STD-5005D 2013, §1.2, §4.6.2.1, §5.1.2.a, and §5.2.7).

Does OSHA have a below-the-hook device rule for general industry?​

None of the general-industry rules cited in this article is written for below-the-hook devices. NASA-STD-8719.9C states that there are no OSHA regulations specifically addressing rigging hardware, below-the-hook lifting devices, load positioning, or load measuring devices. That is NASA's statement; it does not mention the construction rule described below, and it is attributed to NASA here rather than presented as a general fact.

OSHA's letters show how the agency approaches the gap in general industry:

  • The General Duty Clause. In a 2002 letter on foundry crucibles, OSHA wrote that, depending on the design, crucibles may be a component part of a below-the-hook lifting device. It said OSHA may apply its General Duty Clause, Section 5(a)(1) of the Occupational Safety and Health Act, if a hazard exists, and would consult ASME B30.20 or other recognized engineering design, maintenance, or inspection criteria in determining whether a hazard exists.
  • Unmarked devices. In the same letter, on devices with no manufacturer markings or capacity rating, OSHA wrote that non-engineered devices should not be used, and that only devices which meet good engineering design, construction, inspection, and use should be used.
  • Inspection. The 1998 letter says OSHA refers to B30.20 for inspection provisions for below-the-hook lifting devices.

Construction is different. 29 CFR 1926.251(a)(4) requires special custom design grabs, hooks, clamps, or other lifting accessories, for such units as modular panels, prefabricated structures and similar materials, to be marked to indicate the safe working loads and proof-tested prior to use to 125 percent of their rated load. In a 2004 construction letter, OSHA added that 1926.251 does not address inspection criteria for below-the-hook lifting devices other than slings, and that an employer following B30.20 sections 20-1.3.1 through 20-1.3.7 and 20-1.3.9 for those inspections would be considered in compliance. Those section numbers belong to the B30.20 edition in use in 2004 and are not mapped here to the 2025 edition (NASA-STD-8719.9C, 2024, §13.1.3; OSHA Standard Interpretation, June 26, 2002; OSHA Standard Interpretation, October 1, 1998; 29 CFR 1926.251, paragraph a.4; OSHA Standard Interpretation, February 9, 2004).

How do NASA, Navy, DOE, and Army Corps programs apply BTH-1 and B30.20?​

Each program writes the two ASME documents into its own rules, within its own scope:

  • DOE. DOE-STD-1090-2020 calls for below-the-hook lifting devices to be designed, constructed, installed, inspected, tested, operated, and maintained in conformance with B30.20 and BTH-1, with the additions and exceptions in its below-the-hook section. Product safety labels are not required for site-fabricated below-the-hook devices. Its marking rule, including the identification-number alternative where a device cannot be marked with its rated capacity and weight, is covered in Positioning Cranes vs. Standard Overhead Cranes for Precision Lifts. The standard is not mandated for use at DOE sites; it may be used as a contract document or as a best practice guide at the site's or program office's discretion.
  • NASA. NASA-STD-8719.9C requires B30.20 and BTH-1, or an LDEM-approved equivalent, and calls for a check before use each day for defects such as cracks, deformations, gouges, galling, kinks, crushed areas, and corrosion, and for proper configuration. Devices rejected during inspection are marked and separated from accepted ones.
  • Navy. NAVFAC P-307 requires below-the-hook devices to meet the criteria of ASME B30.20, ASME BTH-1, and OEM requirements, and says B30.20 and OEM recommendations should be followed. Its Table 14-1 sets an annual periodic inspection frequency for below-the-hook devices, and equipment procured outside the US shall meet appropriate consensus standards, giving EN 13155 as the example for below-the-hook devices. P-307 covers weight handling equipment owned by the Navy or under NAVFAC's technical cognizance, at Navy shore activities and the other Navy activities its scope lists.
  • Army Corps of Engineers. EM 385-1-1 (2024), para 15-8.j (tagged 15-5.j in the text), states that custom below-the-hook lifting devices, including structural and mechanical lifting devices and custom fabricated grabs, hooks, clamps, or other lifting accessories such as equalizing, lifting, or spreader beams, for such units as modular panels, prefabricated structures and similar materials, must be designed, tested, and used according to ASME B30.20. The manual applies to USACE elements and to USACE contracts and those administered on behalf of USACE.

These are program rules, not general law. In UTEC Industrial's reading, a fixture supplier serving more than one of these programs should build its documentation to each program it ships into, because the four programs ask for different records: DOE an identification number where a rating cannot be marked, NASA a daily configuration check, the Navy an annual inspection record, and USACE design to B30.20 by contract (DOE-STD-1090-2020, §12.1–12.2; NASA-STD-8719.9C, 2024, §13.1.3, §13.4.4, and §13.4.5; NAVFAC P-307, 2025, §14.1.2, §14.9, and Table 14-1; EM 385-1-1, 2024, para 15-8.j).

How does BTH-1 classify a device by design category and service class?​

BTH-1 gives each device two classifications, and both belong in the purchase specification. Duerr's 2007 paper names the first issue of the standard as BTH-1-2005, and his 2008 papers describe the logic of what they call ASME's new design standard:

  • The standard established two design categories and five service classes. The design category relates to the expected usage of the lifter, and the service class guides the design with respect to fatigue life assessment. Successful use requires designers, manufacturers, purchasers, and users to understand these definitions.
  • Chapter 2 defined the design categories that establish the design factor used to calculate allowable stresses for the structural elements, and the second paper relates variations in expected structural strength and applied loads to reliability and design factors.

Those counts describe the standard as Duerr wrote about it in 2008 and are not a statement about the 2023 edition. The public table of contents for BTH-1-2023 keeps the structure: Chapter 2, Lifting Device Classifications, with §2-2 Design Category, §2-3 Service Class, and Table 2-3-1 Service Class on p. 10; Nonmandatory Appendix B, Table B-3-1 Service Class Life; and Appendix C, Tables C-1.3-1 to C-1.3-4, the static and dynamic load spectra for Design Categories A and B.

BTH-1-2023 sets a design factor Nd of 2.00 for Design Category A and 3.00 for Design Category B. It assigns a service class by the number of load cycles expected over the device's life, from Service Class 0 at up to 20,000 cycles to Service Class 4 at more than 2,000,000. By engineering reasoning, the owner is the party who knows the expected lift count, and the expected lifts per shift and the service life are an input the owner supplies, not a number the fabricator guesses (Duerr 2008, pp. 43-47; Duerr 2008, pp. 48-52; ASME BTH-1-2023, Ch. 2, §2-2, §2-3, Table 2-3-1, and §3-1).

What does BTH-1 cover for lifting beams, padeyes, and welds?​

The structural chapter is where fabrication and weld fatigue enter the device. The BTH-1-2023 table of contents lists:

  • Member design (3-2), with Table 3-2.2-1, limiting width-thickness ratios for compression elements.
  • Connection design (3-3), with Table 3-3.4.2-1, minimum effective throat thickness of partial-penetration groove welds, and Table 3-3.4.3-1, minimum sizes of fillet welds. The Appendix C commentary to Chapter 3 adds Figure C-3.3.1-1, pin-connected plate notation, and Figure C-3.3.2-1, a stiffened plate lifting beam.
  • Fatigue design (3-4), with Table 3-4.3-1, allowable stress ranges in ksi (MPa), and Table 3-4.4-1, fatigue design parameters. ASME's page lists the updated Table 3-4.4-1 among the 2023 changes.

In BTH-1-2023's fatigue method, the allowable stress range for a welded or bolted detail depends on that detail's stress category and on the device's service class. By engineering reasoning, a padeye is a pin-connected plate, and its hole, its weld to the beam, and the beam's flange welds are among the details a fatigue check of the device would look at.

In engineering terms, the failure mode is a crack that starts at a weld toe on a lifting beam rated by static strength alone. NASA's daily check for cracks and deformations is the field step that looks for it. By engineering reasoning, the link to the next chain step is residual stress: a welded beam that is machined after welding, for pin bores or mating faces, can move if weld stresses are not relieved first, as explained in Stress Relief for Machine Bases and Frames Before Final Machining. UTEC Industrial stress-relieves welded structures, including by automated vibratory stress relief, and inspects them with NDT and CMM (ASME BTH-1-2023, Ch. 3, §3-2 to §3-4, Tables 3-4.3-1 and 3-4.4-1; NASA-STD-8719.9C, 2024, §13.4.4).

What controls and sensing does a powered below-the-hook device need?​

A powered device, such as a motorized rotator, a clamp, a vacuum lifter, or a magnet, brings its own drives, controls, and sensing onto the hook, and BTH-1 gives them their own chapters. The 2023 table of contents lists:

  • Mechanical design (Ch. 4): drive systems (4-4), gearing (4-5), bearings with Table 4-6.2-1 L10 bearing life (4-6), shafting (4-7), fasteners (4-8), grip support force with Figure 4-9.2-1 illustrating holding and support forces (4-9), vacuum lifting device design with Table 4-10.2-1 intended use type summary (4-10), and fluid power systems (4-11). ASME's page says the 2023 edition added requirements for vacuum lifting devices and incorporated ASME B30.1-2020 into the fluid power requirements.
  • Electrical design (Ch. 5): electric motors and brakes, operator interface, controllers and auxiliary equipment, grounding, power disconnects, and batteries.
  • Lifting magnet design (Ch. 6).

The load itself can be measured at the hook. NASA defines a load measuring device as a device below the hook used to indicate the weight of the item being lifted, such as a load cell or dynamometer. A JPL lesson from the Mars Science Laboratory program recommends that procedures record the expected load-cell reading and that someone be assigned throughout the lift to observe the load cell and call out the numbers. By engineering reasoning, a powered fixture needs interlocks that prove each clamp or vacuum circuit before the hoist may lift, a load reading compared against the expected value, and a defined state on loss of power. UTEC Industrial is a Rockwell Automation Recognized System Integrator, and its controls work covers Allen-Bradley ControlLogix and CompactLogix PLCs, VFD and servo drives, EtherNet/IP networks, and UL 508A panel building (ASME BTH-1-2023, Ch. 4–6; NASA-STD-8719.9C, 2024, §3.2; NASA JPL 2011, LLIS Lesson No. 6216).

What changed in BTH-1-2023 and B30.20-2025, and how are existing devices treated?​

Both standards have recent editions, and BTH-1 has another scheduled:

  • BTH-1-2023. The front matter gives a date of issuance of October 11, 2023, states that the edition revises BTH-1-2020, that it "will become effective 1 year after the Date of Issuance", and that the next edition is scheduled for publication in 2026. ASME's key changes are clarified requirements to establish the rated load of a lifting device by calculation, ASME B30.30-2019 incorporated into the Chapter 4 rope requirements, added vacuum lifting device requirements, ASME B30.1-2020 incorporated into the fluid power requirements, added requirements for lifting attachments and load blocks, and the updated Table 3-4.4-1.
  • B30.20-2025. The ANSI Blog lists these changes from the 2021 edition: the standard now addresses adjustable and modular spreader bars and clamps; new figures were added for load-containing lifters; lifting devices were clarified; Nonmandatory Appendix A, Marking of Multiple-Rated-Load Lifting Devices, was added; and the method to load test lifting devices was updated. The post does not say what was clarified or describe the new method. It also points readers to BTH-1-2020, which BTH-1-2023 has since revised.

BTH-1-2023 has a section of its own, 1-3, titled New and Existing Lifting Devices. Its expected effect is that a new edition governs new designs and modifications made after its effective date, and does not require a device built to an earlier edition to be re-engineered unless it is modified. The Navy states its own rule in public: to be suitable for use, existing equipment shall meet the design requirements of ASME and Navy design standards in effect at the time of its procurement. By engineering reasoning, the edition a device was designed to belongs on its drawing and in its file, because that edition is the basis the device is judged against later (ASME BTH-1-2023, front matter and §1-3; ASME B30.20-2025; Kelechava 2025, ANSI Blog; NAVFAC P-307, 2025, §14.1.2).

What should a below-the-hook device specification state?​

A specification that names only "a lifting fixture, 20 tons" leaves every decision above to the fabricator. A complete one states:

  • Use and classification: every configuration in which the device hangs from a hook, the floor cases it also serves, and whether it is a custom design or a commercially available item.
  • Governing program: general industry, construction under 29 CFR 1926.251(a)(4), or a NASA, Navy, DOE, or USACE program, since each asks for different tests and records.
  • Design basis: ASME BTH-1-2023, the design category and service class, the expected lift count, and the edition, recorded on the drawing.
  • Marking: B30.20 requires the rated load to be marked on the device, and the 2025 edition adds an appendix on marking devices with more than one rated load.
  • Load test: the testing B30.20 provides for, and how the test is set up and witnessed, as a separate deliverable.
  • Components: the slings, shackles, and hooks within the device, each to its own standard, and how they stay traceable to the assembly.
  • Powered functions: drives, clamp and vacuum proving, load sensing, and the loss-of-power state.
  • Records: design calculations, weld inspection and NDT reports, the load-test report, and the inspection schedule.

Each line should name its owner, whether the owner, the designer, the fabricator, or the controls integrator, and the device then arrives classified rather than leaving the question to the day of the first lift (ASME BTH-1-2023; ASME B30.20-2025; Kelechava 2025, ANSI Blog; 29 CFR 1926.251, paragraph a.4; DOE-STD-1090-2020, §12.2.2).

Related Articles

References​

  • NASA-STD-8719.9C: Lifting Standard. National Aeronautics and Space Administration, 2024.
  • NAVFAC P-307: Weight Handling Program Management. Naval Facilities Engineering Systems Command, 2025.
  • ASME B30.20-2025: Below-the-Hook Lifting Devices. ASME, 2025.
  • Kelechava, B. ASME B30.20-2025: Below-the-Hook Lifting Devices. The ANSI Blog, American National Standards Institute, 2025.
  • ASME BTH-1-2023: Design of Below-the-Hook Lifting Devices. ASME, 2023.
  • Duerr, D. (2007). "New Standard for Design of Below-the-Hook Lifting Devices." Practice Periodical on Structural Design and Construction, 12(3), 168-171.
  • OSHA Standard Interpretation: Applicable standards for Below-the-Hook Lifting Devices and slings. Occupational Safety and Health Administration, 1998.
  • OSHA 29 CFR 1910.184-2019: Slings. U.S. Department of Labor, 2019.
  • OSHA Standard Interpretation: Testing requirements for "lifting blinds" or "lifting covers" on pressure vessels. Occupational Safety and Health Administration, 2010.
  • 29 CFR 1926.251: Rigging Equipment for Material Handling. Occupational Safety and Health Administration, 2012.
  • NASA. NASA-STD-5005D w/Change 2: Standard for the Design and Fabrication of Ground Support Equipment. NASA, 2013 (Change 2, 2024).
  • OSHA Standard Interpretation: Requirements for crucibles and other below-the-hook lifting devices. Occupational Safety and Health Administration, 2002.
  • OSHA Standard Interpretation: Requirements for load-testing and marking of special custom-design rigging accessories; applicability of ASME standards. Occupational Safety and Health Administration, 2004.
  • DOE-STD-1090-2020: Hoisting and Rigging. U.S. Department of Energy, 2020.
  • EM 385-1-1: Safety and Occupational Health (SOH) Requirements. U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, 2024.
  • Duerr, D. (2008). "Design Category and Service Class Selection for Below-the-Hook Lifting Devices." Practice Periodical on Structural Design and Construction, 13(2), 43-47.
  • Duerr, D. (2008). "Design Factors for Fabricated Steel Below-the-Hook Lifting Devices." Practice Periodical on Structural Design and Construction, 13(2), 48-52.
  • NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory. MSL Mobility Assembly Lift Mishap, Lesson No. 6216. NASA Lessons Learned Information System, 2011.

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