ASME B20.1-2024 Conveyor Safety: Scope, Interpretations and What to Check
ASME B20.1-2024, the Safety Standard for Conveyors and Related Equipment, is the latest edition on ASME's product page (October 2026), while the federal rules that name a B20.1 edition still name the 1957 code. UTEC Industrial designs, engineers, machines, fabricates, and installs custom material handling systems for aerospace and heavy industry from its Spokane Valley, WA facility, integrating Allen-Bradley PLC and motion control with in-house CNC machining, heat treating, and stress relief. This article sets out what ASME publishes about the 2024 edition, what ASME's own interpretations say about guarding, start warnings, stops, maintenance, and riding in the earlier editions they answer, how OSHA's rules and CEMA's safety guides sit beside the standard, and which provisions a reader confirms in the 2024 book. Conveyor safety is decided along the build chain, design → engineering → parts machining → fabrication → assembly → weld fatigue → stress relief → drives → controls → tuning → monitoring, from guard geometry in the design to the stop logic in the controls.
What is ASME B20.1-2024, and what does it apply to?
ASME's product page lists the 2024 edition as its latest, with earlier editions dated 2021, 2018, 2015, 2012, 2009, and 2003. Its description states that B20.1 applies to the design, construction, installation, maintenance, inspection, and operation of conveyors and conveying systems in relation to hazards, and that the conveyors may be of the bulk material, package, or unit handling types where the installation is designed for permanent, temporary, or portable operation. It states that the Standard shall apply, with the exceptions it notes, to all conveyor installations. It specifically excludes any conveyor designed for, installed for, or used primarily for the movement of human beings, but it does apply to certain conveying devices that incorporate within their supporting structure work stations or operator's stations specifically designed for authorized operating personnel.
The B20 committee's charter adds the equipment the B20 standard does not apply to: industrial powered trucks, tiering machines, cranes, derricks, hoists, power and hand shovels, bucket drag lines, moving stairways, dumbwaiters, manlifts, and platform elevators to carry passengers or the elevator operator. ASME maintains B20.1 under continuous maintenance, and its list updated May 7, 2025, gives 2027 as the anticipated date of the next complete edition.
As this article understands the 2024 edition, its scope section also says how the standard applies to existing installations and to installations that are modified. This article quotes no 2024 text (ASME B20.1-2024; ASME B20 committee page, 2026; ASME 2025, continuous maintenance list).
How do ASME's interpretations work, and which edition does each answer?
ASME's B20 committee publishes interpretations, its replies to questions about the meaning of a paragraph. The public file used here holds Interpretations 20-17 to 20-26, issued from 2001 to 2024. Each names the edition it answers, from B20.1-1993 to B20.1-2021; none answers a question on the 2024 edition. This article therefore cites each one as ASME's reading of the edition it names, not as 2024 text, and the paragraph numbers it quotes may have moved in 2024.
Three replies describe how the standard is meant to be read:
- Performance, not design. In Interpretation 20-18 (2002, on B20.1-1996), ASME says a paragraph prefaced by "In general" and tempered by "unless other means to assure safety are provided" is "consistent with the B20 Standard's intent of being a performance rather than design standard".
- End result. In 20-20 (2004, on B20.1-2003), ASME quotes the Foreword: the Standard "describes what end result should be achieved without the limiting specifications usually given by a design and without the inclusion of finite material selection or dimensions".
- No endorsement. Several replies repeat that ASME does not "approve, rate, or endorse" any item, construction, proprietary device, or activity, so the committee does not rule on a specific installation.
As engineering reasoning, a performance standard puts the burden on the design record: the specification and risk assessment have to show how each hazard is guarded, because the standard will not supply a dimension to point to (ASME B20 Standards Committee 2024, Interps. 20-18 on B20.1-1996 and 20-20 on B20.1-2003).
What does "guarded" mean, and when is a nip point guarded by location?
In Interpretation 20-23 (2007, on B20.1-1993), ASME quotes the definition: guarded means "shielded, fenced, enclosed, or otherwise protected by means of suitable enclosures, covers, casing, shields, troughs, railings, or by nature of location so as to reduce foreseeable risk of personal injury". It says the standard "is performance orientated and does not consider any one methodology of safeguarding a hazard to be preferable over another", and that it "does not support the concept that 'redundant' or 'secondary' safeguarding is necessary". Asked whether nip and shear points need not be guarded if they are already guarded by location, ASME pointed to that definition.
Two belt-conveyor replies show how far the rule reaches:
- No height threshold. In 20-24 (2012, on B20.1-2012), ASME says paragraph 6.1.1 "applies to all belt conveyors fixed in place in all positions and requires guarding of nip points and shear points", and that for return idlers on in-plant and overland conveyors "there is no minimum height requirement".
- No hazard, no guard. In 20-18 (2002, on B20.1-1996), ASME says 6.1.1(b) recognizes that many belt conveyors have carrying or return rollers "that present no danger by their very nature/design", and that the standard does not require such locations to be guarded just because a belt is passing over a roller; where a return belt could present a dangerous condition, "means should be provided for safe operation".
CEMA's unit-handling guarding guide gives a figure where ASME gives none. It treats unit handling conveyors elevated more than 8 ft 0 in above the walking or working surface, or otherwise inaccessible by other means, as guarded-by-location areas, which only qualified personnel performing maintenance reach by ladder or personnel lift, and says those areas do not require any supplemental guarding; that is CEMA's advisory guideline, not B20.1 text. As this article understands the 2024 edition, its definitions still include "guarded" and "guarded by location" and its general section still requires nip and shear points to be guarded unless other means to assure safety are provided (ASME B20 Standards Committee 2024, Interps. 20-18, 20-23, and 20-24; CEMA SBP-004, 2015, §4.4; ASME B20.1-2024).
When does B20.1 call for a warning before a conveyor starts?
Two interpretations on the late-1990s editions limit the start-warning paragraph, 5.11.2(b), to a particular case:
- The case it covers. In 20-17 (2001, on B20.1a-1997), ASME says the requirements of 5.11.2(b) "only apply to conveyors that when started would cause injury to a person doing her/his normal job function", with a person working in and out of the path of an automotive assembly line as the example. It is "not intended to apply to automated conveyor systems that start/stop on a regular basis usually governed by material flow criteria".
- Not every remote or automatic conveyor. In 20-19 (2003, on B20.1b-1998), ASME says it "is not the intent of the Standard that all conveyors 'controlled from a remote location' and 'automatically controlled' conveyors be equipped with warning devices". A conveyor guarded in accordance with Sections 5.9 and 6 "would not normally require a warning device", but having a warning signal does not negate the need to meet the guarding requirements of Sections 5 or 6.
- Not maintenance. The same reply says 5.11.2(b) "has no applicability to maintenance and servicing activities which are addressed in Section 5.2".
The federal construction rule is different and simpler. 29 CFR 1926.555(a)(1) requires conveyor systems to be equipped with an audible warning signal to be sounded immediately before starting up the conveyor, but Part 1926 is the construction standard and does not govern a general-industry plant conveyor. As this article understands the 2024 edition, 5.11.2(b) or its successor still calls for an audible or visual warning before start-up of a conveyor that would cause injury when started, with a warning-sign alternative where a time delay would seriously hinder system function (ASME B20 Standards Committee 2024, Interps. 20-17 on B20.1a-1997 and 20-19 on B20.1b-1998; OSHA 29 CFR 1926.555, §1926.555 paragraph a.1; ASME B20.1-2024).
What do emergency stops and control stations have to do?
ASME's one public reply on control stations is narrow. In 20-21 (2006, on B20.1-2003), it says paragraph 5.11.2(c)(2) "only addresses the 'conveyor concerned' which may be a single conveyor or a single subsystem", and "does not nor is it intended to address the operation of adjacent conveyors".
CEMA's e-stop guide, which is advisory and is to be used with the current B20.1 standard, gives the placement figures:
- Unit handling. An e-stop actuator within reach, a maximum of 1.5 m (5 ft), of any designated work station that directly interfaces with powered conveyors; e-stop access within 7.5 m (25 ft) of any point along a conveyor in a general access area; and within an unobstructed travel distance of 30 m (100 ft) in a restricted access area. Pull-cord systems shall be slack-detection type, so a broken or loose cord activates a stop.
- Bulk handling. Pull-cord e-stop access along the full length of belt feeders and belt conveyors normally accessible from walkways, floors, or platforms, and access within 15 m (50 ft) in a general access area where pull cords cannot be practically applied.
- Reset and test. E-stop devices require manual reset at the point of electrical actuation before a restart sequence can begin, resetting must not automatically restart the equipment, and e-stops must be validated after installation and before delivery, with testing done with the conveyor operating.
One federal rule gives a figure for one industry. In pulp, paper, and paperboard mills, 29 CFR 1910.261(c)(15)(iv) requires every belt conveyor in pulpwood handling to have an emergency stop cable extending the length of the conveyor so that it may be stopped from any location along the line, or conveniently located stop buttons within 10 ft of each work station, in accordance with B20.1-1957. As this article understands the 2024 edition, 5.11.2(c) still governs emergency stop placement and still bars restart until the actuated stop is reset (ASME B20 Standards Committee 2024, Interp. 20-21 on B20.1-2003; CEMA SBP-002, 2016, §3.1, §3.4, §4.1, §4.2, and §5.2; OSHA 29 CFR 1910.261-2016, §1910.261 paragraph c.15.iv; ASME B20.1-2024).
How does B20.1 treat maintenance, adjustment, and lockout?
The interpretations send maintenance questions to other paragraphs. In 20-17 (on B20.1a-1997), ASME says that for persons involved in service or maintenance, the control of hazardous energy is governed by Section 5.11.4, "which references the OSHA regulation". In 20-24 (on B20.1-2012), asked about idlers that need to be accessed while the belt is running, ASME points to Section 5.4, "Adjustment or Maintenance During Operation". CEMA's e-stop guide cites "OSHA 29 CFR 1910.147 (a)(2)(ii) and ASME B20.1-2015 (5.4)" for minor servicing.
The federal rule sets the conditions:
- When servicing during production is covered. Under 1910.147(a)(2)(ii), servicing and/or maintenance during normal production operations is covered only if an employee is required to remove or bypass a guard or other safety device, or to place any part of his or her body into the point of operation or an associated danger zone during a machine operating cycle.
- The minor-servicing exception. Minor tool changes and adjustments, and other minor servicing activities, which take place during normal production operations, are not covered if they are routine, repetitive, and integral to the use of the equipment for production, provided that the work is performed using alternative measures which provide effective protection.
- Control devices are not isolation. OSHA's enforcement directive states that push-buttons, selector switches, safety interlocks, and other control circuit type devices are not energy isolating devices, and that PLCs are not considered energy isolating devices for the lockout standard. For a conveyor package jam to meet the minor-servicing criteria, it says, the employer must adopt alternative measures that provide effective protection.
- Lock count. The exception in 1910.147(c)(4)(i) lets an employer skip documenting a procedure only when all eight listed elements exist, one being that a single lockout device will achieve a locked-out condition. In a 2006 letter, OSHA replied that the exception does not apply when an additional lock is required to isolate an adjoining conveyor feeding the hopper of a baler being locked out.
As this article understands the 2024 edition, its energy-control paragraph still points to the OSHA regulation and its 5.4 still sets conditions for adjustment during operation. Stored energy in take-ups and tensioned chain is covered in the stored-energy and LOTO article (ASME B20 Standards Committee 2024, Interps. 20-17 and 20-24; CEMA SBP-002, 2016, §1; OSHA 29 CFR 1910.147-1989, §1910.147 paragraphs a.2.ii and c.4.i; OSHA Instruction CPL 02-00-147, 2008, pp. 1-6 and 3-28; OSHA Standard Interpretation, May 9, 2006).
Can anyone ride a conveyor or a vertical reciprocating conveyor?
OSHA letters have quoted the older editions on riding:
- B20.1-1957. A 1977 OSHA letter quotes B20.1-1957, Section 10d: "No riding shall be permitted on a conveyor at any time, unless it is specifically designed to convey passengers or the operator." The sawmill conveyor and deck safety article covers that letter's context.
- B20.1-1976. A 1984 OSHA letter says sections 5.12.4 and 6.21.1.3 of ANSI B20.1-1976 prohibit the riding of vertical and vertical reciprocating conveyors, that OSHA therefore does not permit riding of such conveyors, and that OSHA considers employees riding them a violation of 29 CFR 1910.212(a)(1) "in that, the safety of personnel cannot be assured". OSHA added that it would reevaluate that position for an installation that also meets ANSI A17.1.
ASME's own replies on vertical reciprocating conveyors (VRCs) run to the 2021 edition. In 20-25 (2015, on B20.1-2012), ASME quotes the definition of a VRC as "a reciprocating power or gravity-actuated unit (not designed to carry passengers or an operator) that receives objects on a carrier and transmits these objects vertically between two or more levels", and says B20.1 VRCs "do not allow for the transport of passengers or operators". In 20-26 (2024, on B20.1-2021), asked whether hazards to personnel can be prevented other than by a device to prevent the carrier and load from falling under paragraph 6.21.1, ASME answered "No", including for a small VRC moving a light load behind barrier panels. In 20-22 (2007, on B20.1-2000), ASME says "interlocked" in 6.21.2(b) is a verb describing the objective, and that any device meeting the paragraph's performance criteria is acceptable. As this article understands the 2024 edition, it keeps the riding prohibition and the VRC fall-prevention requirement (OSHA Standard Interpretation, March 1, 1977; OSHA Standard Interpretation, July 30, 1984; ASME B20 Standards Committee 2024, Interps. 20-22, 20-25, and 20-26).
What do CEMA's guarding guidelines add for unit handling conveyors?
CEMA's Supplemental Guarding for Unit Handling Conveyors is an advisory guide from its Unit Handling Section, limited to unit handling conveyors. It separates safeguards designed into the equipment during manufacture, such as finger guards and drivetrain covers, from "supplemental guarding" added during installation. It says manufacturers cannot always anticipate all the combinations and configurations in which equipment can be installed, so installers, integrators, and end users must consider the operational areas where personnel work, and that access to hazards should be re-evaluated whenever equipment is changed or relocated.
The guide's figures depend on the area:
- Bottom guards. At a designated workstation, exposed moving components that are a potential hazard shall be bottom guarded when they are between 3 in and 8 ft above the standing surface and within 36 in horizontal reach; in a general access area the band is 2 ft 6 in to 8 ft, within 36 in.
- Barrier guards. Hazard points below 8 ft and within 36 in horizontal reach of a standing position in a designated workstation or general access area are to be barrier guarded.
- Restricted areas. Bottom and barrier guards are not required within restricted access areas so long as appropriate barriers and warning signs indicate the boundary.
- Perimeter fencing. A minimum of 72 in (1,829 mm) high, with no more than 6 in (152 mm) between its bottom and the standing surface.
Bottom and barrier guards are to be mounted so that removal requires a tool, and the guide says a risk assessment of the specific application may be used to justify deviation from these guidelines. How guards are placed so maintenance can still reach the machine is covered in the machine guarding and maintenance access article (CEMA SBP-004, 2015, §1, §2, §3, and §5.1–5.3).
How do OSHA's rules relate to B20.1?
OSHA reaches plant conveyors through general rules and a short list of industry paragraphs. In its 1984 letter, OSHA wrote that applications of conveyors outside its application-specific standards "are regulated under 29 CFR 1910.212", and that "OSHA relies on the recommendations of the ANSI B20.1-1976 for the acceptable safeguarding of employees exposed to conveyors". 29 CFR 1910.212(a)(1) requires one or more methods of machine guarding to protect the operator and other employees from hazards such as ingoing nip points and rotating parts.
Where a rule names B20.1, it names the 1957 code:
- Incorporation. 1910.6(e)(17) lists ANSI B20.1-57 as approved for incorporation in 1910.218(j)(3), five paragraphs of 1910.261, and 1910.265(c)(18)(i). Under 1910.6(a)(1)(i), only the mandatory provisions, those containing "shall" or other mandatory language, are adopted.
- Forging. 1910.218(j)(3) requires conveyor power transmission equipment in forge facilities to be guarded in accordance with B20.1-1957.
- Construction. 1926.555(a)(8) requires all conveyors in use to meet the applicable requirements for design, construction, inspection, testing, maintenance, and operation in B20.1-1957; it applies under the construction standard only.
- Sawmills. 1910.265(c)(18) is covered in the sawmill conveyor article linked above.
Under 1910.6(a)(1), to enforce any edition other than the one specified, OSHA must publish a document in the Federal Register and the material must be available to the public. As engineering reasoning, a plant that builds to B20.1-2024 is building to a later consensus edition than the one the federal text names, so a specification states both the edition it invokes and the federal paragraphs that apply to the site (OSHA Standard Interpretation, July 30, 1984; OSHA 29 CFR 1910.212-1974, §1910.212 paragraph a.1; OSHA 29 CFR 1910.6, §1910.6 paragraphs a.1, a.1.i, and e.17; OSHA 29 CFR 1910.218, §1910.218 paragraph j.3; OSHA 29 CFR 1926.555, §1926.555 paragraph a.8).
Which machinery-safety standards frame a conveyor risk decision?
Because B20.1 is a performance standard, the guarding choices rest on a risk assessment, and four ISO standards, cited here at standard level, frame it:
- ISO 12100:2010 specifies basic terminology, principles and a methodology for achieving safety in the design of machinery, with procedures for identifying hazards and estimating and evaluating risks during relevant phases of the machine life cycle, and for the elimination of hazards or sufficient risk reduction. ISO's page says it is expected to be replaced within the coming months by a revision now at the draft international standard stage.
- ISO 14118:2017 specifies requirements for designed-in means aimed at preventing unexpected machine start-up to allow safe human interventions in danger zones, for all types of energy source, including stored energy due to gravity or compressed springs. It does not specify performance levels or safety integrity levels, nor the means for specific machines.
- ISO 14119:2024 specifies principles for the design and selection of interlocking devices associated with guards.
- ISO 13855:2024 specifies requirements for the positioning and dimensioning of safeguards with respect to the approach of the human body or its parts; approaches such as running, jumping, or falling are not considered, and it applies to safeguards for the protection of persons 14 years and older.
No federal rule requires an ISO 12100 risk assessment, and this article does not imply one. CEMA's guarding guide names its own risk assessment process as one that may be used to justify deviation from its guidelines (ISO 12100:2010; ISO 14118:2017; ISO 14119:2024; ISO 13855:2024; CEMA SBP-004, 2015, §5).
What controls and sensing carry B20.1's stop and start rules?
CEMA's e-stop guide covers conveyors that run as linked zones. It says an e-stop actuated in one control area may be required to initiate an e-stop condition in another, and that when the actuated e-stop is reset and its control cabinet restarted, an interlocked zone may restart after a minimum of a five-second audible alarm. It also says the suspension of a safety function must be replaced by another safety function with the equivalent performance level. OSHA's amputation booklet, which is advisory, adds that when conveyors are arranged in series, all should automatically stop whenever one stops, and that conveyors should have interlocking devices that shut them down during an electrical or mechanical overload such as a product jam.
The drive and controller supply the means:
- Torque removal. The Kinetix 5700 user manual states that 2198-xxxx-ERS3 and ERS4 drives are equipped for hardwired and integrated safe torque-off (p. 241), and that disabling the power transistor output does not provide physical isolation of the electrical output that is required for some applications (p. 250). As engineering reasoning, safe torque-off therefore supports a stop function, while isolation for maintenance remains a lockout task.
- Safety-related controls. ISO 13849-1:2023 specifies a methodology and provides related requirements, recommendations and guidance for the design and integration of safety-related parts of control systems that perform safety functions, for high demand and continuous modes of operation; it does not apply to low demand mode of operation.
- Start logic. As engineering practice, the start-warning case from the interpretations above is programmed as a timed horn and beacon ahead of motion, and a guarded automatic line that does not need one is documented as such in the risk assessment.
UTEC Industrial, a Rockwell Automation Recognized System Integrator, builds UL 508A control panels and integrates Allen-Bradley ControlLogix and CompactLogix controllers with VFD and servo drives for conveyor stop, start, and zone-interlock logic (CEMA SBP-002, 2016, §3.1 and §3.3; OSHA 3170, 2007, p. 29; Rockwell Automation 2198-UM002E-EN-P, 2018, pp. 241 and 250; ISO 13849-1:2023).
What should a conveyor safety specification state?
As engineering practice, a conveyor safety specification names:
- The edition. ASME B20.1-2024 by year, and the federal paragraphs that apply to the site, which still name B20.1-1957 where they name an edition.
- The provisions to confirm in the book. The 2024 wording of the scope for existing and modified installations, the definitions of guarded and guarded by location, general guarding of nip and shear points, the start warning, emergency stops and control stations, energy control, adjustment during operation, riding, and the type-specific provisions of Section 6 for the conveyors supplied.
- The guarding basis. The risk assessment, the area categories, and any advisory figures adopted, such as CEMA's 8 ft and 36 in envelope for unit handling.
- The stops. Stop category for each zone, e-stop placement, reset behavior, zone interlocks, and the validation test with the conveyor operating.
- Maintenance. Lockout points, the tasks claimed as minor servicing with their alternative measures, and access for adjustment.
UTEC Industrial has built heavy-duty conveyor systems for Lockheed Martin for aerospace manufacturing. The edition and federal items trace to ASME's publisher page and the CFR; the guarding and stop figures are CEMA's advisory guidelines, not B20.1 text (ASME B20.1-2024; OSHA 29 CFR 1910.6, §1910.6 paragraph e.17; CEMA SBP-002, 2016, §3.4; CEMA SBP-004, 2015, §5).
- Machine Guarding That Doesn't Block Maintenance Access — guarding conveyors without blocking maintenance access
- OSHA 1910.265 Safety Rules for Sawmill Conveyors and Log Decks — sawmill conveyor rules under OSHA 1910.265
- Stored Energy and LOTO: Accumulators, Trapped Pressure, and Gravity Loads — stored energy in take-ups, tensioned chain, and gravity loads
- Conveyor Chain Selection for Wet, Abrasive, and High-Temperature Service — drive-chain guarding and inspection for harsh-duty conveyor chain
- Heavy-Duty Conveyor Types for Manufacturing and Process Plants — the conveyor types the standard's requirements apply to
References
- ASME B20.1-2024: Safety Standard for Conveyors and Related Equipment. ASME, 2024.
- ASME. B20 Safety Standards for Conveyors and Related Equipment (committee page). ASME (undated web documentation, accessed October 2026).
- ASME. American National Standards Maintained Under Continuous Maintenance (updated May 7, 2025). ASME, 2025.
- ASME B20 Standards Committee. B20 Interpretations (Interpretations 20-17 to 20-26). ASME, 2024.
- Conveyor Equipment Manufacturers Association. Supplemental Guarding for Unit Handling Conveyors (Safety Best Practices Recommendation CEMA SBP-004). CEMA, 2015.
- OSHA 29 CFR 1926.555: Conveyors. U.S. Department of Labor, 1979.
- Conveyor Equipment Manufacturers Association. E-Stop Application Guide For Unit and Bulk Material Handling Conveyor Systems (Safety Best Practices Recommendation CEMA SBP-002). CEMA, 2016.
- OSHA 29 CFR 1910.261-2016: Pulp, Paper, and Paperboard Mills. U.S. Department of Labor, 2016.
- OSHA 29 CFR 1910.147-1989: The Control of Hazardous Energy (Lockout/Tagout). Occupational Safety and Health Administration, 1989.
- OSHA Instruction CPL 02-00-147: The Control of Hazardous Energy – Enforcement Policy and Inspection Procedures. Occupational Safety and Health Administration, 2008.
- OSHA Standard Interpretation: Use of additional lock on a conveyor and baler system exceeds one lockout device. Occupational Safety and Health Administration, 2006.
- OSHA Standard Interpretation: Installation of handrails on mobile belt loader conveyors. Occupational Safety and Health Administration, 1977.
- OSHA Standard Interpretation: Riding of vertical reciprocating conveyors is prohibited. Occupational Safety and Health Administration, 1984.
- OSHA 29 CFR 1910.212-1974: General Requirements for All Machines. U.S. Department of Labor, 1974.
- OSHA 29 CFR 1910.6: Incorporation by Reference. U.S. Department of Labor, as amended through 2026.
- OSHA 29 CFR 1910.218: Forging Machines. U.S. Department of Labor, 1974 (as amended through 1996).
- ISO 12100:2010: Safety of machinery — General principles for design — Risk assessment and risk reduction. ISO, 2010.
- ISO 14118:2017: Safety of machinery — Prevention of unexpected start-up. International Organization for Standardization, 2017.
- ISO 14119:2024: Safety of machinery — Interlocking devices associated with guards — Principles for design and selection. International Organization for Standardization, 2024.
- ISO 13855:2024: Safety of machinery — Positioning of safeguards with respect to the approach of the human body. ISO, 2024.
- OSHA 3170-02R: Safeguarding Equipment and Protecting Employees from Amputations. Occupational Safety and Health Administration, 2007.
- Rockwell Automation 2198-UM002E-EN-P (2018): Kinetix 5700 Servo Drives User Manual. Rockwell Automation, 2018.
- ISO 13849-1:2023: Safety of machinery — Safety-related parts of control systems — Part 1: General principles for design. International Organization for Standardization, 2023.
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