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Designing for 24/7 Operation in Abrasive, Hot, and Wet Environments

A heavy machine that runs 24 hours a day, 365 days a year accumulates 8,760 operating hours a year, and in abrasive, hot, or wet service the bearings, lubricant, seals, structure, and sensors each have their own limit on how long that can last. UTEC Industrial designs, engineers, machines, fabricates, and installs custom material handling systems for aerospace and heavy industry from its Spokane Valley, WA facility, integrating Allen-Bradley PLC and motion control with in-house CNC machining, heat treating, and stress relief. This article sets out what bearing makers, standards bodies, and federal laboratories say about rating life, contamination, temperature, water, sensor ratings, and condition monitoring, and labels where it applies their figures to continuous-duty handling machines as engineering reasoning. Environment-hardening runs the length of the build chain, design → engineering → parts machining → fabrication → assembly → weld fatigue → stress relief → drives → controls → tuning → monitoring: the environment is a design input, and the controls and monitoring at the end of the chain are what detect a seal, lubricant, or bearing losing that fight.

What does 24/7 operation change in a heavy machine's design?​

As UTEC Industrial's own arithmetic, a machine on one 8-hour shift, 5 days a week for 50 weeks runs 2,000 hours a year; two shifts run 4,000 hours; continuous service runs 8,760 hours, 4.4 times the one-shift figure. As engineering reasoning, a bearing, a grease charge, or a seal with a fixed life in hours reaches it 4.4 times sooner in calendar time, and the stress cycles on a welded frame accumulate at the same multiple.

As engineering reasoning, continuous service also removes the idle time in which inspection and relubrication would otherwise happen. Maintenance and its shortfalls have a measured cost: NIST's survey of US discrete manufacturers (NAICS 321–339, excluding 324 and 325) estimated 2016 machinery maintenance expenditures at $57.3 billion and losses due to preventable maintenance issues at $119.1 billion. On average, 45.7% of machinery maintenance was reactive, and the top 25% of establishments relying on reactive maintenance was associated with 3.3 times more downtime and 16.0 times more defects than the bottom 25%. These are survey associations, not causal results.

The equipment standards that set duty ratings stay at standard level in this article. CMAA's published table of contents for its single-girder Specification No. 74 (2020 printing) lists a section on crane classifications; the current editions are CMAA Specification No. 74-2025 (single girder) and No. 70-2025 (multiple girder), and no class definition from either is quoted here. Motor selection sits in ANSI/NEMA MG 00001-2024, which the ANSI webstore says assists users in the proper selection and application of motors and generators (Thomas and Weiss 2020, Executive Summary; CMAA Specification No. 70-2025; CMAA Specification No. 74-2025; NEMA ANSI/NEMA MG 00001-2024).

How does continuous running use up rolling-bearing rating life?​

Timken's engineering manual defines bearing life as the time or number of revolutions until a fatigue spall of 6 mm² (0.01 in²) develops, and the rating life L10 as the life that 90 percent of a group of apparently identical bearings will complete or exceed. For bearings under radial or combined loading with a dynamic load rating based on one million cycles, its traditional rating-life equation in hours is L10 = (C ÷ Pr)^e × (10⁶ ÷ 60n), with e = 3 for ball bearings and 10/3 for tapered, cylindrical and spherical roller bearings, where Pr is the dynamic equivalent radial load and n the speed in rpm. ISO 281:2007 describes the basic rating life as the life associated with 90% reliability, with commonly used high quality material, good manufacturing quality and with conventional operating conditions, and its modified rating life takes into account various reliabilities, lubrication condition, contaminated lubricant and fatigue load.

As UTEC Industrial's own arithmetic, a bearing selected for an L10 of 50,000 hours reaches it in about 5.7 years of continuous service (50,000 ÷ 8,760) against 25 years on one shift (50,000 ÷ 2,000), and by the L10 definition 10 percent of a group of identical bearings would not reach it. A worked trunnion-roller example of the same judgement is in Riding Rings, Trunnions, and Thrust Rollers: Supporting a Rotary Drum.

ISO 281:2007 also states a scope limit that matters for harsh service: it does not cover the influence of wear, corrosion and electrical erosion on bearing life. That is a scope statement, not a statement that those effects are small. The iso.org page lists the 2007 edition as to be revised, with ISO/DIS 281 expected within the coming months (Timken Order No. 10424, p. 48; ISO 281:2007).

How do abrasive contaminants shorten bearing life?​

SKF's bearing failure guide, listing the reasons bearings can be damaged or fail, says that, generally speaking, one third fail due to lubrication problems, one third due to contamination (ineffective sealing, internal debris, maintenance), and one quarter due to application and mounting, and it adds that the figures vary depending on the industry or application. It describes the mechanisms:

  • Abrasive wear. Most of the time, SKF says, abrasive wear occurs due to inadequate lubrication or the ingress of solid contaminants, and it is a degenerative process because wear particles further reduce the lubricant's effectiveness.
  • Indentation. Solid contaminants can be introduced via the seals or lubricant, or result from wear or damage to an adjacent component such as a gear; the particle producing an indentation need not be hard, and even rather soft particles, when big enough, can be harmful. Raised material around the edges of an indentation initiates fatigue, and when the fatigue level reaches a certain point it leads to premature spalling.
  • Clearance and misalignment. Timken's damage guide says foreign particle contamination can cause abrasive wear, bruising or grooving, that this wear (in the guide, directly after a sentence on tapered roller-end and rib wear) causes increased endplay or internal clearance, which can reduce fatigue life and create misalignment, and that the particles may get in through badly worn or defective seals.

SKF's relubrication method puts numbers on contamination for its own diagram. Using contamination levels according to ISO 281, it reduces the interval by 20% for normal cleanliness, halves it for slight or typical contamination, reduces it by 70% for severe contamination (typical for open bearings and poor external sealing, with no GPF above 1.5 applied), and calls for continuous lubrication for very severe contamination (typical for open bearings in highly contaminated environments and insufficient external sealing); extreme or high cleanliness needs no adjustment. These adjustments modify SKF's diagram value; they are SKF's method, not a universal formula. SKF's guide states the design purpose plainly: the purpose of a seal is to keep lubricants in and contaminants out, and premature bearing failure could result if the application is not sealed effectively (SKF PUB BU/I3 14219/3 EN, pp. 6–7, 46 and 58; The Timken Company Order No. 5892, p. 6; SKF Grease Life and Relubrication, step 2).

Where do wear liners fit in abrasive service?​

Abrasive bulk material wears the structure as well as the bearings, and liner selection is covered in detail in AR400 vs. AR500 vs. Chromium-Carbide Overlay: Wear Liners for Bulk Service. Two points bear directly on continuous hot or impact service:

  • Impact versus abrasion. Ratia and co-authors found that, for all materials and test methods in their study, higher hardness led to decreased mass loss, but that in their impact-abrasion (impeller-tumbler) tests the positive effect of hardness was substantially smaller than in the high-stress abrasion methods; they add that this result could at least partly be connected to wear concentrated at the sample edges.
  • Heat limit. A producer's 500 HBW-class wear plate data sheet says the plate is not intended for further heat treatment and that its delivery-condition properties are not retained above 482 °F (250 °C).

As engineering reasoning, a liner chosen on hardness alone may gain less than expected at a drop point where lumps impact, and a liner exposed to hot product above the producer's limit is no longer in the condition it was bought in (Ratia et al. 2013, §§4–5; SSAB 2026, 500 HBW plate data sheet).

How does heat change grease, bearings, and seals?​

SKF's relubrication method starts from a diagram valid for bearings with a rotating inner ring on horizontal shafts under normal and clean operating conditions, for a grease with a grease performance factor (GPF) of 1 at an operating temperature of 70 °C (160 °F), and then halves the interval for every 15 °C (27 °F) above 70 °C up to the grease's high temperature performance limit (HTPL), to account for the accelerated ageing of grease. As UTEC Industrial's own arithmetic on that rule, a bearing at 100 °C gets one quarter of its 70 °C interval and one at 115 °C one eighth, provided both are below the grease's HTPL. SKF adds that, in practice, relubrication intervals above 30,000 hours are not reliable.

SKF's 2011 maintenance handbook explains the limits with its "traffic light" concept: four temperature limits (LTL, LTPL, HTPL, HTL) divide a grease's range into five zones, the HTL being set by the dropping point. Within the two performance limits, SKF says, the grease functions reliably and grease life can be determined; above the HTPL, grease will age and oxidize with increasing rapidity, and operation between the HTPL and the HTL should occur only for very short periods. SKF warns that the definition of the HTPL is not standardized internationally, and that care must be taken when interpreting manufacturers' data.

The bearing and its seals carry their own limits, which SKF gives for its own products:

  • Rings. SKF spherical roller bearings are heat stabilized up to at least 200 °C (390 °F).
  • Seals. NBR −40 to +90 °C (up to 120 °C for brief periods), HNBR −40 to +150 °C, and FKM −30 to +200 °C; temperature peaks, SKF says, are typically at the seal lip.
  • Above stabilization. SKF's high-temperature bearing publication, which covers deep groove ball bearings, insert bearings and ball bearing units, says that when temperatures rise above the bearing stabilization temperature, thermal expansion and material structural changes can lead to an uncontrolled loss of internal radial clearance and seized bearings, that grease ages rapidly at high temperatures, and that old grease can carbonize and block the bearing.

SKF's high-temperature range uses graphite-based lubrication, with variants capable of performing at temperatures as high as 350 °C (660 °F) (SKF Grease Life and Relubrication, steps 1–3; SKF PUB SR/P7 10001/1 EN, pp. 186–187; SKF PUB BU/P2 18406 EN, p. 14; SKF PUB BU/P2 14961/3 EN, pp. 3–4).

How does heat change the steel structure near hot product?​

The federal source used here for steel at temperature comes from fire engineering. NIST Technical Note 1907 presents a stress-strain model for structural steels for conditions appropriate to fire, based on the retained high-temperature yield strength of 42 individual structural steels. Its fitted curve faithfully captures, in NIST's words, the steep drop-off in the range 400 °C to 650 °C, and the coefficient of variation of the normalized retained yield strength increases linearly with temperature. The report notes that two fire-resistive steels were designed to meet a retained-strength requirement of R = 2/3 at 600 °C. The model's values are in figures and equation parameters, and no percentage strength at a given temperature is quoted here.

Two further limits come from material sources:

  • Wear plate. As in the previous answer, a producer's 500 HBW-class plate does not retain its delivery-condition properties above 482 °F (250 °C).
  • Oxidation. Chen and Yuen's review abstract says the oxidation of iron above 700 °C follows the parabolic law with a three-layer scale (hematite, magnetite and wüstite), that oxidation of carbon steel is generally slower than iron oxidation, and that for longer-time oxidation, because of the less adherent nature of the scale, the structures that develop are typically much more complex.

Applying fire-engineering data to a machine frame beside a furnace, kiln, or hot-metal line is engineering reasoning: the NIST model was built for building fire, and a handling machine near hot product sees long, repeated exposure rather than one fire event. The IIW fatigue recommendations add that they are generally not applicable for elevated temperature operation in the creep range (Seif et al. 2016, Abstract, pp. 11–14 and 33; SSAB 2026, 500 HBW plate data sheet; Chen and Yuen 2003, Abstract; Hobbacher and Baumgartner 2024, §1.2).

What does water do to bearings and their lubricant?​

In one set of tests, water at parts-per-million levels shortened bearing fatigue life. Cantley's 1977 full-scale tests evaluated water in an SAE 20 oil on tapered roller bearing fatigue life at concentrations of 25, 100 and 400 ppm, and the abstract says good correlation was obtained between fatigue life and water content and that the detrimental effects of water at these levels were clearly demonstrated. It adds that a lubricant's capacity for water absorption represents an important factor that could significantly affect bearing fatigue life. The abstract gives no percentage life reduction, and none is quoted here.

Standstill is the other risk. SKF's maintenance handbook says that when water, acid or cleaning agents enter an application, they negatively affect the lubricant's ability to protect steel surfaces from oxidation, and that when a machine is at a standstill, deep-seated rust forms easily. SKF's failure guide says ineffective sealing arrangements can allow moisture, water and aggressive liquid contaminants to enter the bearing, that water can also be introduced during washdowns while the machine is being cleaned at standstill, and that corrosion is perhaps the most common cause of premature bearing failure in paper machines and process equipment in the food and beverage industries. Timken's guide says etching is typically caused by condensate collecting in the bearing housing from temperature changes, and that moisture or water can get in through damaged, worn or inadequate seals.

As engineering reasoning, a continuous-duty machine that stops only for washdown or maintenance is exposed at exactly those stops, and a hot machine that cools during a stop can draw in condensate (Cantley 1977, Abstract; SKF PUB SR/P7 10001/1 EN, p. 317; SKF PUB BU/I3 14219/3 EN, p. 50; The Timken Company Order No. 5892, p. 8).

How is structural corrosion in wet service classified?​

ISO 12944-2:2017 deals with the classification of the principal environments to which steel structures are exposed and the corrosivity of those environments. In the words of the iso.org abstract, it defines atmospheric-corrosivity categories based on mass loss (or thickness loss) by standard specimens, and describes categories of environment for structures immersed in water or buried in soil. Its category labels and thresholds are not quoted here. The ASM corrosion handbook volume on environments and industries carries a section on corrosion in marine environments and a chapter on corrosion in the pulp and paper industry.

These topics are covered for specific plants elsewhere in the library: corrosivity classification and coatings for handling machines in Corrosion-Resistant Handling Equipment Design for Marine Environments, and wet-end materials, washdown and enclosures in Wet-End Corrosion and Washdown Design for Handling Equipment. For fatigue, the IIW recommendations say they are generally not applicable for corrosive conditions, and as engineering reasoning a welded frame in wet corrosive service needs a fatigue basis that addresses corrosion explicitly (ISO 12944-2:2017; Cramer and Covino 2006; Hobbacher and Baumgartner 2024, §1.2).

Which sensors and enclosures survive dust, heat, washdown, and vibration?​

Sensor data sheets state their limits, and in harsh service the trade-offs matter. Rockwell Automation's inductive proximity sensor specifications give one family of 2-wire AC/DC tubular sensors these ratings:

AttributeStandard modelsHigh-temperature models
Operating temperature−25 to +70 °C (−13 to +158 °F)0 to 100 °C (32 to 212 °F)
Operating voltage20 to 250 V AC/DC20 to 132 V AC/DC
Shock30 g, 11 ms5 g, 11 ms
Vibration55 Hz, 1 mm amplitude, 3 planes30 to 120 Hz, 1 mm amplitude, 3 planes
Radio frequency protection10 V per meter, 20 to 1,000 MHzNot available

The same family is rated NEMA 1, 2, 3, 3R, 4, 4X, 6, 6P, 12 and 13 and IP67 (all models), with a 1,200 psi (8,270 kPa) washdown rating, and some connector versions are also rated IP69K. Rockwell's abridged IEC table notes that second numerals 7 and 8 do not imply suitability for exposure to water jets (second characteristic numeral 5 or 6) unless dual coded, and that in IP69K the K signifies high temperature water.

The enclosure standards themselves stay at standard level here: ANSI/NEMA 250-2020 covers enclosures for electrical equipment (1,000 V maximum) and includes an annex table converting NEMA Type ratings to IEC 60529 IP designations, and IEC 60529 classifies degrees of protection of enclosures for electrical equipment rated not more than 72.5 kV. As engineering reasoning, the table shows why a high-temperature sensor is not a free upgrade: in this family it trades shock, vibration, voltage range and RF protection for its higher temperature limit. NEMA 4X versus IP ratings for washdown are compared in the wet-end article linked above (Rockwell Automation PROX-TD001P-EN-P, pp. 20–22 and 76–77; ANSI/NEMA 250-2020; IEC 60529:1989+AMD1:1999+AMD2:2013 CSV).

How should condition monitoring be set up for a machine that never stops?​

ISO 17359:2018 gives guidelines for the general procedures to be considered when setting up a condition monitoring programme for machines, and is applicable to all machines; ISO 13374-1:2003 establishes general guidelines for software specifications related to data processing, communication, and presentation of machine condition monitoring and diagnostic information, which makes it a data-handling guideline rather than a sensor-selection guide. SKF's maintenance handbook says that of the bearings that fail prematurely, many do so because they are subjected to unexpected loads in service such as imbalance or misalignment, and that multi-parameter condition monitoring is the most practised technique, with vibration monitoring the most widely used method (SKF's statement, not an independent survey). SKF's failure guide lists dents from the ingress and over-rolling of solid contaminants among the possible causes of excessive noise and vibration levels.

The intelligence layer below is engineering practice built on those sources, not a requirement of them:

  • Bearing temperature. RTDs or thermocouples on critical housings, alarmed below the grease HTPL and the seal limits that apply.
  • Vibration. Accelerometers on bearing housings, trended against a baseline taken at commissioning.
  • Lubrication proof. Confirmation that an automatic lubricator cycled, with an alarm if it did not.
  • Drive load. Motor current or drive torque trended at a known throughput, where a rising load can show packing, wear, or a failing bearing.
  • Environment at the machine. Product or ambient temperature at hot zones, with interlocks that stop feed before a limit is passed.
  • Data path. Signals brought into the PLC over EtherNet/IP and presented on an HMI with trends and alarm history.

UTEC Industrial, a Rockwell Automation Recognized System Integrator, builds this layer with Allen-Bradley ControlLogix and CompactLogix controllers, PanelView and FactoryTalk HMIs, and EtherNet/IP networks (ISO 17359:2018; ISO 13374-1:2003; SKF PUB SR/P7 10001/1 EN, pp. 218–219; SKF PUB BU/I3 14219/3 EN, pp. 11–12).

How do maintenance strategy and access set uptime in continuous service?​

NIST's survey found that, among establishments that primarily rely on preventive and predictive maintenance (less than 50% reactive), the top 50% in predictive maintenance was associated with 15% less downtime, an 87% lower defect rate and 66% less inventory increase due to unplanned maintenance, and that establishments that invested more heavily in preventive or predictive maintenance had, on average, 44% less downtime and a 54% lower defect rate. SKF's handbook describes reactive, preventive and predictive maintenance and recommends a proactive approach that combines the best of them. SKF's relubrication procedures carry one design consequence: where very severe contamination calls for continuous lubrication, SKF says it is recommended typically with ndm values below 150,000 for ball bearings and below 75,000 for roller bearings.

As engineering reasoning, a machine that cannot stop for long has to be designed for its maintenance:

  • Lubrication. Grease points piped to an accessible manifold or an automatic system, sized from the interval the duty and temperature give.
  • Inspection. Inspection covers and sight lines to critical welds, liners and seals, reachable during a short planned stop.
  • Replacement. Wear parts and bearings mounted for removal without dismantling the structure around them.
  • Spares. Critical spares identified at design, with lead times known.

The NIST figures are survey associations, not causal results, and they cover discrete manufacturing, not handling machinery specifically (Thomas and Weiss 2020, Executive Summary; SKF PUB SR/P7 10001/1 EN, pp. 218–219; SKF Grease Life and Relubrication, relubrication procedures).

Where does environment-hardening sit in the design-to-monitoring chain?​

Each link of the chain carries part of the environment:

  • Design and engineering. As engineering reasoning, bearing life is sized for 8,760 hours a year, grease intervals are set from the operating temperature, and the ISO 281 scope limit on wear and corrosion is covered by sealing and lubrication design rather than by the rating life.
  • Parts machining. As engineering reasoning, housing bores, shaft seats and seal running surfaces are machined to the fits and finishes the bearing and seal makers specify, because a poor seal surface lets in the contaminants the SKF and Timken guides describe.
  • Fabrication, weld fatigue, and stress relief. As engineering reasoning, continuous service accumulates stress cycles at 4.4 times the one-shift rate. What stress relief does to a welded frame before machining is covered in Stress Relief for Machine Bases and Frames Before Final Machining.
  • Drives. ANSI/NEMA MG 00001-2024 is cited at standard level here for motor selection and application.
  • Controls, tuning, and monitoring. The sensing layer in the earlier answer, tuned at commissioning and trended for the machine's life.

UTEC Industrial machines to tolerances as tight as ±0.001 in and performs NDT and CMM inspection, factory acceptance testing and on-site commissioning on the systems it builds (Timken Order No. 10424, p. 48; ISO 281:2007; SKF PUB BU/I3 14219/3 EN, p. 7; NEMA ANSI/NEMA MG 00001-2024).

What should a specification for 24/7 harsh-environment service state?​

As engineering practice drawn from the sources above, a buyer's specification for continuous-duty equipment in abrasive, hot, or wet service should state:

  • Duty. Operating hours per year, planned stops, and the design life in years.
  • Abrasives. The material handled, its particle size and hardness where known, and where it can reach bearings, seals and liners.
  • Temperature. Product, radiant and ambient temperatures at each machine zone, including upset conditions.
  • Water and chemicals. Process water, washdown method, pressure and temperature, and chemicals in contact.
  • Bearings and lubrication. The required rating life and reliability basis, the lubrication method, and the grease temperature limits used, with the maker's definition of its HTPL.
  • Sensors and enclosures. Required NEMA Type or IP ratings, with sensor temperature, shock and vibration ratings checked against the zone.
  • Monitoring. The signals to be trended and alarmed, and how data reach the plant's systems.

SKF's own warning applies to every temperature figure in such a specification: the HTPL is not standardized internationally, and manufacturers' data must be interpreted with care (SKF PUB SR/P7 10001/1 EN, p. 186; ISO 281:2007).

Related Articles

References​

  • Thomas DS, Weiss BA. Economics of Manufacturing Machinery Maintenance: A Survey and Analysis of U.S. Costs and Benefits, NIST AMS 100-34. National Institute of Standards and Technology, 2020.
  • CMAA Specification No. 70-2025: Specifications for Top Running Bridge and Gantry Type Multiple Girder Electric Overhead Traveling Cranes. CMAA, 2025.
  • CMAA Specification No. 74-2025: Specifications for Top Running and Under Running Single Girder Electric Traveling Cranes Utilizing Under Running Trolley Hoist. Crane Manufacturers Association of America/MHI, 2025.
  • NEMA ANSI/NEMA MG 00001-2024: Motors and Generators. National Electrical Manufacturers Association, 2024.
  • Timken Order No. 10424: Timken Engineering Manual. The Timken Company, 2024.
  • ISO 281:2007: Rolling Bearings — Dynamic Load Ratings and Rating Life. International Organization for Standardization, 2007.
  • SKF PUB BU/I3 14219/3 EN: Bearing Damage and Failure Analysis. SKF Group, 2025.
  • The Timken Company. Bearing Damage Analysis Reference Guide, Order No. 5892. The Timken Company, 2023.
  • SKF. Grease Life and Relubrication (undated web documentation, accessed September 2026). SKF Group, 2026.
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  • SSAB. Hardox 500 Data Sheet (undated web documentation, accessed September 2026). SSAB, 2026.
  • SKF PUB SR/P7 10001/1 EN: SKF Bearing Maintenance Handbook. SKF Group, 2011. ISBN 978-91-978966-4-1.
  • SKF PUB BU/P2 18406 EN: Spherical Roller Bearings. SKF Group, 2019.
  • SKF PUB BU/P2 14961/3 EN: SKF High Temperature Bearings: For Operating Temperatures up to 350 °C (660 °F). SKF Group, 2019.
  • Seif M, Main J, Weigand J, Sadek F, Choe L, Zhang C, Gross J, Luecke W, McColskey D. Temperature-Dependent Material Modeling for Structural Steels: Formulation and Application, NIST Technical Note 1907. National Institute of Standards and Technology, 2016. DOI 10.6028/NIST.TN.1907
  • Chen RY, Yuen WYD (2003). "Review of the High-Temperature Oxidation of Iron and Carbon Steels in Air or Oxygen." Oxidation of Metals, 59, 433-468.
  • Hobbacher, A.F., Baumgartner, J. Recommendations for Fatigue Design of Welded Joints and Components, 3rd ed. Springer (IIW Collection), 2024. DOI 10.1007/978-3-031-57667-6.
  • Cantley RE (1977). "The Effect of Water in Lubricating Oil on Bearing Fatigue Life." ASLE Transactions, 20(3), 244-248. DOI 10.1080/05698197708982838
  • ISO 12944-2:2017: Paints and varnishes — Corrosion protection of steel structures by protective paint systems — Part 2: Classification of environments. International Organization for Standardization, 2017.
  • Cramer, S.D., Covino, B.S., Jr. (eds.). ASM Handbook, Volume 13C: Corrosion: Environments and Industries. ASM International, 2006. ISBN 978-0-87170-709-3.
  • Rockwell Automation PROX-TD001P-EN-P: Inductive Proximity Sensor Specifications. Rockwell Automation, 2026.
  • ANSI/NEMA 250-2020: Enclosures for Electrical Equipment (1000 Volts Maximum). National Electrical Manufacturers Association, 2020.
  • IEC 60529:1989+AMD1:1999+AMD2:2013 CSV: Degrees of Protection Provided by Enclosures (IP Code). International Electrotechnical Commission, 2013.
  • ISO 17359:2018: Condition Monitoring and Diagnostics of Machines — General Guidelines. International Organization for Standardization, 2018.
  • ISO 13374-1:2003: Condition Monitoring and Diagnostics of Machines — Data Processing, Communication and Presentation — Part 1: General Guidelines. International Organization for Standardization, 2003.

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