Stress Relief for Gray Iron Castings: Temperature, Cooling Rate, and Graphite Stability
Thermal stress relief for gray iron castings — cycle temperature, soak time, cooling rate, and the graphite-structure stability that keeps gray iron from changing properties during the cycle.
Annealing Malleable Iron: Graphitization, Temper Carbon, and Toughness
Two-stage graphitization anneal converts white iron castings to malleable iron — temper-carbon formation, ferrite matrix, and ASTM A47/A220 grades.
Heat Treating Ductile Iron: Austempered Ductile Iron and Quench-and-Temper
Through-hardening options for ASTM A536 ductile iron — oil-quench-and-temper to 40-55 HRC and austempering to produce ADI ausferrite per ASTM A897.